Relationship between IMC, abdominal circumference and risk of cardiovascular diseases in university students by gender groups
Keywords:
Body mass index, abdominal circumference, cardiovascular disease risk, university students.
Abstract
The risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has increased due to the compulsory confinement established worldwide by the COVID-19 pandemic, especially due to the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Abdominal Circumference (AC). Based on this, the objective of the study is to determine the relationship between BMI, AC and the risk of cardiovascular diseases in university students by gender group. The methodology was developed based on a quantitative approach study, by non-experimental research design of correlational scope with cross-sectional cut, in a total sample of 1691 Ecuadorian university students (51.1% male) and (48.9% female), BMI was calculated and the phenotype of obesity was determined in addition to the assessment of abdominal circumference with risk categorisation according to WHO, applying a statistical correlation with Spearman's Rho and Kendall's Tau-c tests through the SPSS 25 package. The results reached on the basis of BMI analysis determined: (Male 23.87 ±3.57; Overweight 31.7%, 3% obesity I, 1.4% obesity II and 0.3% obesity III - (Female) 25.38 ±4.10; Overweight 39.3%, %, 11.6% obesity I, 1.8% obesity II and 0. 7% obesity III) with a P≤0.05; CA analysis (Male 85.9 ±10.08: 15.5% risk) (Female 79.84 ±13.26; 41.0%); analysis of relationship with CVD risk (male) 0.463 weak positive correlation P≤ 0.01- (female) 0.653 moderate positive correlation P≤ 0.01). Based on the results achieved, it was determined that, in the study centre analysed, the relationship between BMI and AC showed that 8.98% (male) and 34.54% (female) were at a CVD risk between the highest and extremely high levels.
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References
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Lewitt, M. S., & Baker, J. S. (2020). Relationship between abdominal adiposity, cardiovascular fitness, and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in British adolescents. Journal of sport and health science, 9(6), 634–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2019.02.004
Liu, X. C., Huang, Y., Lo, K., Huang, Y. Q., Chen, J. Y., & Feng, Y. Q. (2021). Quotient of Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index: A Valuable Indicator for the High-Risk Phenotype of Obesity. Frontiers in endocrinology, 12, 697437. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.697437
Lo, K., Huang, Y. Q., Shen, G., Huang, J. Y., Liu, L., Yu, Y. L., Chen, C. L., & Feng, Y. Q. (2021). Effects of waist to height ratio, waist circumference, body mass index on the risk of chronic diseases, all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Postgraduate medical journal, 97(1147), 306–311. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137542
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Rothman K. J. (2008). BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity. International journal of obesity (2005), 32 Suppl 3, S56–S59. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.87
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Weir, C. B., & Jan, A. (2021). BMI Classification Percentile and Cut Off Points. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
West, S. L., Bates, H., Watson, J., & Brenner, I. (2020). Discriminating Metabolic Health Status in a Cohort of Nursing Students: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR research protocols, 9(8), e21342. https://doi.org/10.2196/21342
Xiang, M., Hu, H., Imai, T., Nishihara, A., Sasaki, N., Ogasawara, T., Hori, A., Nakagawa, T., Yamamoto, S., Honda, T., Okazaki, H., Uehara, A., Yamamoto, M., Miyamoto, T., Kochi, T., Eguchi, M., Murakami, T., Shimizu, M., Tomita, K., Nagahama, S., … Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study Group (2020). Association between anthropometric indices of obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease in Japanese men. Journal of occupational health, 62(1), e12098. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12098
Xue, R., Li, Q., Geng, Y., Wang, H., Wang, F., & Zhang, S. (2021). Abdominal obesity and risk of CVD: a dose-response meta-analysis of thirty-one prospective studies. The British journal of nutrition, 126(9), 1420–1430. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114521000064
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Yücel, Ü. Ö., & Çalış, A. G. (2023). The relationship between general and abdominal obesity, nutrition and respiratory functions in adult asthmatics. The Journal of asthma: official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma, 60(6), 1183–1190. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2022.2137038
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Zhao, Y., Qin, P., Sun, H., Liu, Y., Liu, D., Zhou, Q., Guo, C., Li, Q., Tian, G., Wu, X., Hu, D., Sun, X., & Zhang, M. (2020). Metabolically healthy general and abdominal obesity are associated with increased risk of hypertension. The British journal of nutrition, 123(5), 583–591. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519003143
Bojórquez-Díaz, C. I., Castro-Robles, A. I., Mejía-León, M. E., Díaz-López, K. D. J., & Quintana-López, V. A. (2021). Association of body mass index and waist/height ratio with blood pressure as a metabolic risk factor in university students. Latin Arch. nutri, 178-188. https://doi.org/10.37527/2021.71.3.002
Boukrim, M., Obtel, M., Kasouati, J., Achbani, A., & Razine, R. (2021). Covid-19 and Confinement: Effect on Weight Load, Physical Activity and Eating Behavior of Higher Education Students in Southern Morocco. Annals of global health, 87(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.3144
Caballero B. (2019). Humans against Obesity: Who Will Win? Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 10(suppl_1), S4–S9. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy055
Caiano, L. M., Costanzo, S., Panzera, T., Di Castelnuovo, A., de Gaetano, G., Donati, M. B., Ageno, W., Iacoviello, L., & Moli-sani Study Investigators (2021). Association between body mass index, waist circumference, and relative fat mass with the risk of first unprovoked venous thromboembolism. Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases: NMCD, 31(11), 3122–3130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2021.07.018
Cisse, K., Samadoulougou, S., Ouedraogo, M., Kouanda, S., & Kirakoya-Samadoulougou, F. (2021). Prevalence of abdominal obesity and its association with cardiovascular risk among the adult population in Burkina Faso: findings from a nationwide cross-sectional study. BMJ open, 11(7), e049496. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049496
Dale, C. E., Fatemifar, G., Palmer, T. M., White, J., Prieto-Merino, D., Zabaneh, D., Engmann, J., Shah, T., Wong, A., Warren, H. R., McLachlan, S., Trompet, S., Moldovan, M., Morris, R. W., Sofat, R., Kumari, M., Hyppönen, E., Jefferis, B. J., Gaunt, T. R., Ben-Shlomo, Y., … Casas, J. P. (2017). Causal Associations of Adiposity and Body Fat Distribution with Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke Subtypes, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Circulation, 135(24), 2373–2388. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026560
Dwivedi, A. K., Dubey, P., Cistola, D. P., & Reddy, S. Y. (2020). Association Between Obesity and Cardiovascular Outcomes: Updated Evidence from Meta-Analysis Studies. Current cardiology reports, 22(4), 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-020-1273-y
El-Ashker, S., Pednekar, MS, Narake, SS, Albaker, W. y Al-Hariri, M. (2021). Perfil de presión arterial y riesgo cardiometabólico en hombres jóvenes saudíes en un entorno universitario. Medicina (Kaunas, Lituania), 57 (8), 755. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57080755
Fulton, M., & Srinivasan, V. N. (2023). Obesity, Stigma And Discrimination. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
Haffner S. M. (2006). Relationship of metabolic risk factors and development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 14 Suppl 3, 121S–127S. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.291
Keel, P. K., Gomez, M. M., Harris, L., Kennedy, G. A., Ribeiro, J., & Joiner, T. E. (2020). Gaining "The Quarantine 15:" Perceived versus observed weight changes in college students in the wake of COVID-19. The International journal of eating disorders, 53(11), 1801–1808. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23375
Lee, M. J., Wu, Y., & Fried, S. K. (2013). Adipose tissue heterogeneity: implication of depot differences in adipose tissue for obesity complications. Molecular aspects of medicine, 34(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.001
Leiva, A. M., Martínez, M. A., Cristi-Montero, C., Salas, C., Ramírez-Campillo, R., Díaz Martínez, X., Aguilar-Farías, N., & Celis-Morales, C. (2017). El sedentarismo se asocia a un incremento de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y metabólicos independiente de los niveles de actividad física [Sedentary lifestyle is associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors independent of physical activity]. Revista médica de Chile, 145(4), 458–467. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872017000400006
Lewitt, M. S., & Baker, J. S. (2020). Relationship between abdominal adiposity, cardiovascular fitness, and biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in British adolescents. Journal of sport and health science, 9(6), 634–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2019.02.004
Liu, X. C., Huang, Y., Lo, K., Huang, Y. Q., Chen, J. Y., & Feng, Y. Q. (2021). Quotient of Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index: A Valuable Indicator for the High-Risk Phenotype of Obesity. Frontiers in endocrinology, 12, 697437. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.697437
Lo, K., Huang, Y. Q., Shen, G., Huang, J. Y., Liu, L., Yu, Y. L., Chen, C. L., & Feng, Y. Q. (2021). Effects of waist to height ratio, waist circumference, body mass index on the risk of chronic diseases, all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Postgraduate medical journal, 97(1147), 306–311. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-137542
Martinez-Ferran, M., de la Guía-Galipienso, F., Sanchis-Gomar, F., & Pareja-Galeano, H. (2020). Metabolic Impacts of Confinement during the COVID-19 Pandemic Due to Modified Diet and Physical Activity Habits. Nutrients, 12(6), 1549. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061549
Romero-Blanco, C., Rodríguez-Almagro, J., Onieva-Zafra, M. D., Parra-Fernández, M. L., Prado-Laguna, M., & Hernández-Martínez, A. (2020). Physical Activity and Sedentary Lifestyle in University Students: Changes during Confinement Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(18), 6567. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186567
Rothman K. J. (2008). BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity. International journal of obesity (2005), 32 Suppl 3, S56–S59. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.87
Ruiz-Roso, M. B., de Carvalho Padilha, P., Mantilla-Escalante, D. C., Ulloa, N., Brun, P., Acevedo-Correa, D., Arantes Ferreira Peres, W., Martorell, M., Aires, M. T., de Oliveira Cardoso, L., Carrasco-Marín, F., Paternina-Sierra, K., Rodriguez-Meza, J. E., Montero, P. M., Bernabè, G., Pauletto, A., Taci, X., Visioli, F., & Dávalos, A. (2020). Covid-19 Confinement and Changes of Adolescent's Dietary Trends in Italy, Spain, Chile, Colombia and Brazil. Nutrients, 12(6), 1807. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061807
Segura-Fragoso, A., Rodríguez-Padial, L., Alonso-Moreno, F. J., Villarín-Castro, A., Rojas-Martelo, G. A., Rodríguez-Roca, G. C., & Sánchez-Pérez, M. (2019). Medidas antropométricas de obesidad general y central y capacidad discriminativa sobre el riesgo cardiovascular: estudio RICARTO [Anthropometric measurements of general and central obesity and discriminative capacity on cardiovascular risk: RICARTO study]. Semergen, 45(5), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semerg.2019.02.013
Sumalla-Cano, S., Forbes-Hernández, T., Aparicio-Obregón, S., Crespo, J., Eléxpuru-Zabaleta, M., Gracia-Villar, M., Giampieri, F., & Elío, I. (2022). Changes in the Lifestyle of the Spanish University Population during Confinement for COVID-19. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(4), 2210. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042210
Tran, N., Blizzard, C. L., Luong, K. N., Truong, N., Tran, B. Q., Otahal, P., Nelson, M., Magnussen, C., Gall, S., Bui, T. V., Srikanth, V., Au, T. B., Ha, S. T., Phung, H. N., Tran, M. H., & Callisaya, M. (2018). The importance of waist circumference and body mass index in cross-sectional relationships with risk of cardiovascular disease in Vietnam. PloS one, 13(5), e0198202. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198202
Weir, C. B., & Jan, A. (2021). BMI Classification Percentile and Cut Off Points. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
West, S. L., Bates, H., Watson, J., & Brenner, I. (2020). Discriminating Metabolic Health Status in a Cohort of Nursing Students: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR research protocols, 9(8), e21342. https://doi.org/10.2196/21342
Xiang, M., Hu, H., Imai, T., Nishihara, A., Sasaki, N., Ogasawara, T., Hori, A., Nakagawa, T., Yamamoto, S., Honda, T., Okazaki, H., Uehara, A., Yamamoto, M., Miyamoto, T., Kochi, T., Eguchi, M., Murakami, T., Shimizu, M., Tomita, K., Nagahama, S., … Japan Epidemiology Collaboration on Occupational Health Study Group (2020). Association between anthropometric indices of obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease in Japanese men. Journal of occupational health, 62(1), e12098. https://doi.org/10.1002/1348-9585.12098
Xue, R., Li, Q., Geng, Y., Wang, H., Wang, F., & Zhang, S. (2021). Abdominal obesity and risk of CVD: a dose-response meta-analysis of thirty-one prospective studies. The British journal of nutrition, 126(9), 1420–1430. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114521000064
Yasuoka, M., Muraki, I., Imano, H., Jinnouchi, H., Kubota, Y., Hayama-Terada, M., Umesawa, M., Yamagishi, K., Ohira, T., Kitamura, A., Okada, T., Kiyama, M., Iso, H., & CIRCS Investigators (2020). Joint impact of muscle mass and waist circumference on type 2 diabetes in Japanese middle-aged adults: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). Journal of diabetes, 12(9), 677–685. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.13049
Yücel, Ü. Ö., & Çalış, A. G. (2023). The relationship between general and abdominal obesity, nutrition and respiratory functions in adult asthmatics. The Journal of asthma: official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma, 60(6), 1183–1190. https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2022.2137038
Zhang, Y., Gu, Y., Wang, N., Zhao, Q., Ng, N., Wang, R., Zhou, X., Jiang, Y., Wang, W., & Zhao, G. (2019). Association between anthropometric indicators of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors among adults in Shanghai, China. BMC public health, 19(1), 1035. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7366-0
Zhao, Y., Qin, P., Sun, H., Liu, Y., Liu, D., Zhou, Q., Guo, C., Li, Q., Tian, G., Wu, X., Hu, D., Sun, X., & Zhang, M. (2020). Metabolically healthy general and abdominal obesity are associated with increased risk of hypertension. The British journal of nutrition, 123(5), 583–591. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519003143
Published
2023-10-31
Section
Artículos
