Realidad Virtual para el Tratamiento de la Ansiedad Social: Revisión Sistemática
Palabras clave:
evaluación de la tecnología, innovación científica, investigación psicológica, psicología, psicología experimental
Resumen
La realidad virtual (RV) se ha consolidado como una herramienta prometedora en psicoterapia, especialmente para el tratamiento del trastorno de ansiedad social (TAS), al ofrecer entornos inmersivos y personalizados que facilitan la exposición gradual a estímulos aversivos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficacia de intervenciones psicológicas que incorporan RV para el TAS. Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo la metodología PRISMA, con búsqueda en bases de datos científicas (ScienceDirect, PubMed, SciELO, Dialnet, Redalyc, PsycINFO) entre agosto y septiembre de 2025, considerando ensayos controlados aleatorizados publicados entre 2016 y 2025. Se incluyeron estudios con datos pre y postintervención medidos mediante escalas validadas. Los resultados muestran que la RV logra reducciones significativas en la sintomatología de ansiedad social, con eficacia comparable a la exposición en vivo y ventajas como accesibilidad, menor aversión y reducción de costos. Las intervenciones autoguiadas presentan efectividad limitada frente a modalidades combinadas con terapia cognitivo-conductual. En conclusión, la RV constituye un recurso eficaz y complementario para el tratamiento del TAS, no un sustituto del acompañamiento profesional. Se recomienda continuar investigando para estandarizar protocolos, mejorar la validez metodológica y garantizar la efectividad y seguridad en distintos contextos clínicos.
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Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Arias, V., Hofmann, S. G., & Curtiss, J. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale in a large cross-cultural Spanish and Portuguese speaking sample. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 41(2), 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0006
Carrasco, J. C. B., Guerrero, R. E. A., Guerrero, B. E. C., & Gonzáles, K. E. B. (2022). El desafío de la política de salud mental en Latinoamérica. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 6(3), 2613-2634. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v6i3.2406
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Kothgassner, O. D., Goreis, A., Kafka, J. X., Van Eickels, R. L., Plener, P. L., & Felnhofer, A. (2019). Virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1654782. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1654782
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McEnery, C., Lim, M. H., Tremain, H., Knowles, A., & Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2019). Prevalence rate of social anxiety disorder in individuals with a psychotic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 208, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.045
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Arnedo, N. H., & Campo, L. A. (2020). Revisión sistemática en la literatura científica del uso de la realidad virtual como tratamiento de los trastornos psicosomáticos. Tesis Psicológica, 15(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.37511/tesis.v15n2a12
Bobes, J., Badía, X., Luque, A., García, M., González, M., & Dal-Re, R. (1999). Validación de las versiones en español de los cuestionarios Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Social Anxiety and Distres Scale y Sheehan Disability Inventory para la evaluación de la fobia social. Med Clin, 112, 14-16.
Bouchard, S., Dumoulin, S., Robillard, G., Guitard, T., Klinger, É., Forget, H., Loranger, C., & Roucaut, F. X. (2017). Virtual reality compared with in vivo exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A three-arm randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(4), 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.184234
Caballo, V. E., Salazar, I. C., Arias, V., Hofmann, S. G., & Curtiss, J. (2019). Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale in a large cross-cultural Spanish and Portuguese speaking sample. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 41(2), 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2018-0006
Carrasco, J. C. B., Guerrero, R. E. A., Guerrero, B. E. C., & Gonzáles, K. E. B. (2022). El desafío de la política de salud mental en Latinoamérica. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 6(3), 2613-2634. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v6i3.2406
Díaz Orueta, U., Climent Martínez, G., Cardas Ibáñez, J., Alonso Gallo, L., Olmo Osa, J., & Tirapu Ustárroz, J. (2016). Evaluación de la memoria mediante realidad virtual: Presente y futuro. Revista de Neurología, 62(02), 75. https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.6202.2015453
Escobar Arango, F., Florez Torres, A. M., Estrada Jiménez, M. J., & Agudelo Valencia, A. (2022). Panorama de las intervenciones psicológicas virtuales en Hispanoamérica y España antes de la pandemia COVID-19. Revisión documental. Revista Virtual Universidad Católica del Norte, 67, 217-248. https://doi.org/10.35575/rvucn.n67a9
Feixas, G., Alabernia, M., Garcia-Gutierrez, A., & Sánchez-Povedano, M. (2021). EYME-Explore Your Meanings: A digital platform for the exploration of identity values and conflicts. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349482711_EYME-Explore_Your_Meanings_A_digital_platform_for_the_exploration_of_identity_values_and_conflicts
Feixas, G., & Cornejo-Álvarez, J. M. (1996). Manual de la técnica de rejilla mediante el programa RECORD ver. 2.0: Capítulos I (introducció), II (Etapa de diseño) y III (Fase de administración). Llibres / Capítols de llibre (Psicologia Clínica i Psicobiologia). https://diposit.ub.edu/dspace/handle/2445/33138
Feixas, G., & Saúl, L. Á. (2004). The Multi-Center Dilemma Project: An Investigation on the Role of Cognitive Conflicts in Health. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 7(1), 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600004765
Ferreira, R. S., Xavier, R. A. C., & Ancioto, A. S. R. (2021). La realidad virtual como herramienta para la educación básica y profesional. Revista Científica General José María Córdova, 19(33), 223-241.
Fransella, F., Bell, R., & Bannister, D. (2003). A Manual for Repertory Grid Technique. John Wiley & Sons.
González Argote, J., López Sánchez, A. A., & Pérez Gamboa, A. J. (2024). Principales tendencias sobre salud mental en el campo de la Psicología: Una revisión mixta en Scopus. PsiqueMag, 13(2), 35-55. https://doi.org/10.18050/psiquemag.v13i2.3135
Grimaldos, J., Fernández-Buendía, S., Bretón-López, J., Miguel, C., Cuijpers, P., & Quero, S. (2025). Augmented reality exposure treatments in anxiety and related disorders: A systematic review. Internet Interventions, 39. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2025.100812
Heimberg, R. G., Horner, K. J., Juster, H. R., Safren, S. A., Brown, E. J., Schneier, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1999). Psychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Psychological Medicine, 29(1), 199-212. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291798007879
Hildebrand, A. S., Planert, J., Roesmann, K., Machulska, A., Neubert, M., & Klucken, T. (2025). Fear not: Combining digital and virtual reality interventions for the treatment of social anxiety disorder – a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 188, 104731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2025.104731
Ioannou, A., Papastavrou, E., Avraamides, M. N., & Charalambous, A. (2020). Virtual Reality and Symptoms Management of Anxiety, Depression, Fatigue, and Pain: A Systematic Review. SAGE Open Nursing, 6, 2377960820936163. https://doi.org/10.1177/2377960820936163
Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. (2020). Social anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries. PLOS ONE, 15(9), e0239133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239133
Kampmann, I. L., Emmelkamp, P. M. G., Hartanto, D., Brinkman, W.-P., Zijlstra, B. J. H., & Morina, N. (2016). Exposure to virtual social interactions in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 77, 147-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2015.12.016
Kan, C., Wang, Y., Hu, R., Chen, K., & Zhang, Y. (2024). Convenient virtual reality exposure self-training for social anxiety: A randomized controlled study. In Review. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4660985/v1
Kim, K., Kim, C.-H., Kim, S.-Y., Roh, D., & Kim, S. I. (2009). Virtual Reality for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Past and the Future. Psychiatry Investigation, 6(3), 115. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2009.6.3.115
Kim, M.-K., Eom, H., Kwon, J. H., Kyeong, S., & Kim, J.-J. (2022). Neural effects of a short-term virtual reality self-training program to reduce social anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 52(7), 1296-1305. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720003098
Kim, S., & Kim, E. (2020). The Use of Virtual Reality in Psychiatry: A Review. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.5765/jkacap.190037
Kothgassner, O. D., Goreis, A., Kafka, J. X., Van Eickels, R. L., Plener, P. L., & Felnhofer, A. (2019). Virtual reality exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1654782. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1654782
Kuleli, D., Tyson, P., Davies, N. H., & Zeng, B. (2025). Examining the comparative effectiveness of virtual reality and in-vivo exposure therapy on social anxiety and specific phobia: A systematic review & meta-analysis. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, 35(2). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbct.2025.100524
Kumar, A. (2023). To What Extent is Virtual Reality Therapy Efficient as A Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder? British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies, 4(6), 18-31. https://doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0362
Lacey, C., Frampton, C., & Beaglehole, B. (2024). A self-guided virtual reality solution for social anxiety: Results from a randomized controlled study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 180, 333-339. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.10.032
Manoj, S. (2023). Virtual Reality and its Evolution Throughout the Years. International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, 11(11), 1862-1877. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.56963
McEnery, C., Lim, M. H., Tremain, H., Knowles, A., & Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2019). Prevalence rate of social anxiety disorder in individuals with a psychotic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 208, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.01.045
Muhanna, M. A. (2015). Virtual reality and the CAVE: Taxonomy, interaction challenges and research directions. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 27(3), 344-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2014.03.023
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (2022). Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades Undécima Revisión. https://icd.who.int/browse/2025-01/mms/es
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., … Alonso-Fernández, S. (2021). Declaración PRISMA 2020: Una guía actualizada para la publicación de revisiones sistemáticas. Revista Española de Cardiología, 74(9), 790-799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.recesp.2021.06.016
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2026-03-18
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